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The German-born composer George Frideric Handel became a naturalised British citizen in 1727, when he composed the anthem Zadok the Priest for the coronation of George II; it became the traditional ceremonial music for anointing all future monarchs. British troops fought in the War in Afghanistan, but controversy surrounded Britain's military deployment in Iraq, which saw the largest protest in British history demonstrating in opposition to the government led by Tony Blair. Birmingham became known as the birthplace of heavy metal, with the band Black Sabbath starting there in the 1960s. As a result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s, the government encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries. The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London was chosen as the defining point of the Prime Meridian [138] at the International Meridian Conference in 1884.
The modern-system of universal publicly funded in the United Kingdom has its origins in the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1949 which still exists to this day and is the primary healthcare provider in the United Kingdom. Its union in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. A radial road network totals 29,145 miles (46,904km) of main roads, 2,173 miles (3,497km) of motorways and 213,750 miles (344,000km) of paved roads. q] The Palace of Westminster in London is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The adjective "British" is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and matters to do with nationality.
During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the " Young British Artists": Damien Hirst, Chris Ofili, Rachel Whiteread, Tracey Emin, Mark Wallinger, Steve McQueen, Sam Taylor-Wood and the Chapman Brothers are among the better-known members of this loosely affiliated movement. Both English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law are based on common-law principles. Britain was one of the principal Allies that defeated the Central Powers in the First World War (1914–1918).The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland; the two countries share a Common Travel Area and co-operate through the British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference and the British-Irish Council. Local government in Northern Ireland since 2015 has been divided between 11 councils with limited responsibilities. Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century, some 300million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe.
The United Kingdom, the 14 British Overseas Territories [213] and the three Crown Dependencies [214] form 'one undivided Realm'.Local government in Northern Ireland since 1973, has been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote. Their power over economic issues is significantly constrained by an act of the UK parliament passed in 2020. The total number of grants of settlement, which confer permanent residence in the UK but not citizenship, [371] was approximately 154,700 in 2013, higher than the previous two years. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the southeast coast coming within 22 miles (35km) of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. Crossrail, which was renamed the Elizabeth line in 2016, in honour of Queen Elizabeth II, opened in 2022.
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