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Demorest, S. M.; Morrison, S. J.; Beken, M. N.; Jungbluth, D. (2008). "Lost in translation: An enculturation effect in music memory performance". Music Perception. 25 (3): 213–223. doi: 10.1525/mp.2008.25.3.213.

Our department ethos combines high achievement with a sense of community and a shared passion for music. Our internationally recognised research informs our high-quality teaching and our student experience is second to none. Since the 20th century, live music can be broadcast over the radio, television or the Internet, or recorded and listened to on a CD player or MP3 player. Aristoxenus, Henry Stewart Macran (1902). Harmonika Stoicheia (The Harmonics of Aristoxenus). Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 978-3-487-40510-0. OCLC 123175755. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020 . Retrieved 7 April 2016.

Department of Music

In the Department of Music, our staff research directly informs the content of our degrees and we bring our expertise and ideas into all our teaching, so you’ll benefit from being introduced to the latest discoveries at the forefront of musical research. Assessment This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) In ancient times, such as with the Ancient Greeks, the aesthetics of music explored the mathematical and cosmological dimensions of rhythmic and harmonic organization. In the 18th century, focus shifted to the experience of hearing music, and thus to questions about its beauty and human enjoyment ( plaisir and jouissance) of music. The origin of this philosophic shift is sometimes attributed to Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in the 18th century, followed by Immanuel Kant. Through their writing, the ancient term 'aesthetics', meaning sensory perception, received its present-day connotation. In the 2000s, philosophers have tended to emphasize issues besides beauty and enjoyment. For example, music's capacity to express emotion has been a central issue. [ citation needed] Burton, Russell (2015). "The elements of music: What are they, and who cares?". Educating for Life. ASME XXTH National Conference Proceeding. Australian Society for Music Education.: 22. An individual's culture or ethnicity plays a role in their music cognition, including their preferences, emotional reaction, and musical memory. Musical preferences are biased toward culturally familiar musical traditions beginning in infancy, and adults' classification of the emotion of a musical piece depends on both culturally specific and universal structural features. [85] [86] Additionally, individuals' musical memory abilities are greater for culturally familiar music than for culturally unfamiliar music. [87] [88] Perceptual

Performance is the physical expression of music, which occurs when a song is sung or when a piano piece, electric guitar melody, symphony, drum beat or other musical part is played by musicians. In classical music, a musical work is written in music notation by a composer and then it is performed once the composer is satisfied with its structure and instrumentation. However, as it gets performed, the interpretation of a song or piece can evolve and change. In classical music, instrumental performers, singers or conductors may gradually make changes to the phrasing or tempo of a piece. In popular and traditional music, the performers have a lot more freedom to make changes to the form of a song or piece. As such, in popular and traditional music styles, even when a band plays a cover song, they can make changes to it such as adding a guitar solo to or inserting an introduction. In the Western art music tradition, improvisation was an important skill during the Baroque era and during the Classical era. In the Baroque era, performers improvised ornaments, and basso continuo keyboard players improvised chord voicings based on figured bass notation. As well, the top soloists were expected to be able to improvise pieces such as preludes. In the Classical era, solo performers and singers improvised virtuoso cadenzas during concerts. Epperson, Gordon (16 June 2022). "Music | Art Form, Styles, Rhythm, & History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Stryker McGuire (2009-03-29). "This time I've come to bury Cool Britannia". The Observer. Archived from the original on 2013-09-06 . Retrieved 2012-04-06. The modern English word ' music' came into use in the 1630s. [8] It is derived from a long line of successive precursors: the Old English ' musike' of the mid-13th century; the Old French musique of the 12th century; and the Latin mūsica. [9] [10] [n 1] The Latin word itself derives from the Ancient Greek mousiké ( technē)— μουσική ( τέχνη)—literally meaning "(art) of the Muses". [9] [n 2] The Muses were nine deities in Ancient Greek mythology who presided over the arts and sciences. [13] [14] They were included in tales by the earliest Western authors, Homer and Hesiod, [15] and eventually came to be associated with music specifically. [14] Over time, Polyhymnia would reside over music more prominently than the other muses. [11] The Latin word musica was also the originator for both the Spanish música and French musique via spelling and linguistic adjustment, though other European terms were probably loanwords, including the Italian musica, German Musik, Dutch muziek, Norwegian musikk, Polish muzyka and Russian muzïka. [14] Although writers of lists of "rudimentary elements of music" can vary their lists depending on their personal (or institutional) priorities, the perceptual elements of music should consist of an established (or proven) list of discrete elements which can be independently manipulated to achieve an intended musical effect. It seems at this stage that there is still research to be done in this area.