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Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. Moss, Doris Hudson. "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48. Barnes, Brooks (25 October 2011). "The Real Scare Is Not Being Scary". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017. Warner, Adam (27 October 2014). "The History of Haunted Houses: A Fight for Frights as Tastes Change". NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2017.

One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots. [19] [20] [21] [22] Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow's Day, along with its eve, by the early Church. [23] Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow's Day. [24] [25] [26] [27] Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland for centuries, Irish and Scottish immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century, [28] [29] and then through American influence various Halloween customs spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century. [18] [30] Lindsay, Sandy (30 October 2023). "Hallowe'en is a spooktacular event for the Goodfellows". Saugeen Times . Retrieved 25 November 2023. Cómo se introduce la fiesta de Halloween en Chile?". noticias.universia.cl. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2016. How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain". Time . Retrieved 4 December 2019.

Vigil of All Saints". Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2011. The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.

a b c d Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383 Rogers, Nicholas. "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that "participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, ... it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix". [280] It has also been ruled to be haram by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia because of its alleged pagan roots stating "Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans". [281] [282] Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an 'eid' and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles. [283] HinduismOn All Hallows' Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones. [64] Top: Christians in Bangladesh lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: Lutheran Christians praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard. The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following All Saints' Day with prayers and fasting. [246] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints; [247] [248] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom. [249] [250] After the service, "suitable festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day. [251] [252] In England, Light Parties are organized by churches after worship services on Halloween with the focus on Jesus as the Light of the World. [253] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows' Eve to light votive candles there, they "are known as valomeri, or seas of light". [254] Halloween Scripture Candy with gospel tract